Title: Lang Arts - Quiz 5
Course: Health Care Language Arts > Section: Learning Modules

This quiz is based on chapter 5 of Contemporary's GED Language Arts, Reading and chapter 7 of Contemporary's GED Social Studies.

This quiz is based on chapter 4 of Contemporary's GED Language Arts, Reading, chapters 9 and 10 of Contemporary's GED Langauge Arts, Writing, and chapter 6 of Contemporary's GED Social Studies. You can take the quiz as many times as you like, but only your last score will count.

Q: Read the following passage and answer the question at the end.

Except for Native Americans and enslaved Africans, the United States is a nation of people who left their home country looking for a better life (immigrants). For this reason, the United States is sometimes called the "melting pot". As a result, the population of the United States is made up of a mixture of people from different countries, such as Ireland, China, and Mexico. The next time you are in class, look around. Everyone around you is different. Although your classmate may have been born in the United States, at some point, that person's family left their home country and came to the United States. Ask your parents about your family's history. But even though we are all different, we are all Americans.

What is the purpose of this passage?
- to explain where American citizens are from
- to explain how to become an American citizen
- to explain America's relationship with surrounding countries
- to explain why America has an interesting history
A: to explain where American citizens are from

Q: Read the following passage and answer the question at the end.

Except for Native Americans and enslaved Africans, the United States is a nation of people who left their home country looking for a better life (immigrants). For this reason, the United States is sometimes called the "melting pot". As a result, the population of the United States is made up of a mixture of people from different countries, such as Ireland, China, and Mexico. The next time you are in class, look around. Everyone around you is different. Although your classmate may have been born in the United States, at some point, that person's family left their home country and came to the United States. Ask your parents about your family's history. But even though we are all different, we are all Americans.

What is the meaning of the term "melting pot" in the text?
- a place where many different cultures mix
- a place that does not have solid borders
- a place that allows anyone to become a citizen
- a place where food is plentiful
A: a place where many different cultures mix

Q: Read the following passage and answer the question at the end.

Except for Native Americans and enslaved Africans, the United States is a nation of people who left their home country looking for a better life (immigrants). For this reason, the United States is sometimes called the "melting pot". As a result, the population of the United States is made up of a mixture of people from different countries, such as Ireland, China, and Mexico. The next time you are in class, look around. Everyone around you is different. Although your classmate may have been born in the United States, at some point, that person's family left their home country and came to the United States. Ask your parents about your family's history. But even though we are all different, we are all Americans.

What clue does the passage give about the definition of the term "immigrants?"
- the definition is stated in context
- a context clue that is a synonym
- a context clue that is an antonym
- no clue about the definition is provided
A: the definition is stated in context

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

Living in the United States doesn't automatically make one an American citizen. Residents of the United States can be aliens, nationals, or citizens.

Aliens: Aliens are people who have left (emigrated) a foreign country to the United States. They have some of the same freedoms and legal rights as U.S. citizens, but they cannot vote in elections.

Nationals: American nationals are natives of American territorial possessions. They have all the legal protections which citizens have, but they do not have the full political rights of US citizens.

Citizens: Persons born in the U.S. or to U.S. citizens in foreign countries are citizens of the United States. Persons born in other countries who want to become citizens must apply for and pass a citizenship test. Those who become citizens in this manner are naturalized citizens.

What is the purpose of the selection?
- to clarify the different categories of people living in the United States
- to argue that citizenship should be required to live in the United States
- to explain why there are different categories of people living in the United States
- to prepare the reader for the argument that it should be easier to obtain citizenship
A: to clarify the different categories of people living in the United States

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

Living in the United States doesn't automatically make one an American citizen. Residents of the United States can be aliens, nationals, or citizens.

Aliens: Aliens are people who have left (emigrated) a foreign country to the United States. They have some of the same freedoms and legal rights as U.S. citizens, but they cannot vote in elections.

Nationals: American nationals are natives of American territorial possessions. They have all the legal protections which citizens have, but they do not have the full political rights of US citizens.

Citizens: Persons born in the U.S. or to U.S. citizens in foreign countries are citizens of the United States. Persons born in other countries who want to become citizens must apply for and pass a citizenship test. Those who become citizens in this manner are naturalized citizens.

Based on the passage, what is the defintion of the word "naturalize?"
- to be given the rights of citizenship
- to have one's status changed from alien to national
- to be given the citizenship test
- to have one's status changed from national to alien
A: to be given the rights of citizenship

Q: Read this passage from Henry David Thoreau to answer the question that follows.

As a single footstep will not make a path on the earth, so a single thought will not make a pathway in the mind. To make a deep physical path, we walk again and again. To make a deep mental path, we must think over and over the kind of thoughts we wish to dominate our lives.

Why is thinking "over and over" so important to Thoreau?
- It creates habits of mind.
- It saves time when thinking.
- It will help us find the right path.
- It will help us remember where we have been.
A: It creates habits of mind.

Q: Read this passage from Henry David Thoreau to answer the question that follows.

As a single footstep will not make a path on the earth, so a single thought will not make a pathway in the mind. To make a deep physical path, we walk again and again. To make a deep mental path, we must think over and over the kind of thoughts we wish to dominate our lives.

According to Thoreau, how is walking like thinking?
- Both can form a familiar path over time.
- Both lead us to the right paths in life.
- A single footstep will not get you very far.
- Many thoughts are like a single footstep.
A: Both can form a familiar path over time.

Q: Read the passage from Ralph Waldo Emerson to answer the following questions.

“Whatever you do, you need courage. Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising that tempt you to believe your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to an end requires some of the same courage that a soldier needs. Peace has its victories, but it takes brave men and women to win them.”

Why is courage important to Emerson?
- Courage helps you stay on your chosen path and overcome difficulties.
- Courage helps you pick the easier choice.
- Because it takes bravery to do the wrong thing.
- Because courage provides a way to go forward without a map.
A: Courage helps you stay on your chosen path and overcome difficulties.

Q: Read the passage from Ralph Waldo Emerson to answer the following questions.

“Whatever you do, you need courage. Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising that tempt you to believe your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to an end requires some of the same courage that a soldier needs. Peace has its victories, but it takes brave men and women to win them.”

Why does Emerson see critics as an obstacle?
- because they make us doubt ourselves
- because they are so often right
- because they try to map out our course for us
- because they lack courage
A: because they make us doubt ourselves

Q: Read the passage from Ralph Waldo Emerson to answer the following questions.

“Whatever you do, you need courage. Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising that tempt you to believe your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to an end requires some of the same courage that a soldier needs. Peace has its victories, but it takes brave men and women to win them.”

Why does Emerson feel we need to have the same courage as a soldier?
- There are battles in everyday life that require it.
- Fighting is the primary way that things get done.
- Courage is the only way to arrive at peace.
- Everyone should think exactly like a soldier.
A: There are battles in everyday life that require it.

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "United States Bill of Rights", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, through a process known as incorporation.

On June 8, 1789 Representative James Madison introduced a series of thirty-nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as "supplemental" additions to it. On December 15, 1791, Articles Three–Twelve, having been ratified by the required number of states, became Amendments One–Ten of the Constitution.

On May 7, 1992, after an unprecedented period of 202 years, 225 days, Article Two crossed the Constitutional threshold for ratification and became the Twenty-seventh Amendment. As a result, Article One alone remains unratified and still pending before the states.

The Bill of Rights enumerates freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence, but was the basis for many Supreme Court decisions of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the first fourteen copies of the Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Question:

How many of James Madison's proposed thirty-nine amendments would become part of the Bill of Rights?
- 7
- 10
- 12
- 11
A: 7

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "United States Bill of Rights", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, through a process known as incorporation.

On June 8, 1789 Representative James Madison introduced a series of thirty-nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as "supplemental" additions to it. On December 15, 1791, Articles Three–Twelve, having been ratified by the required number of states, became Amendments One–Ten of the Constitution.

On May 7, 1992, after an unprecedented period of 202 years, 225 days, Article Two crossed the Constitutional threshold for ratification and became the Twenty-seventh Amendment. As a result, Article One alone remains unratified and still pending before the states.

The Bill of Rights enumerates freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence, but was the basis for many Supreme Court decisions of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the first fourteen copies of the Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Question:

What made most of the Bill of Rights apply to the states as well as the federal government?
- the fourteenth amendment
- James Madison's amendments to the Constitution
- the Supreme Court
- the Magna Carta
A: the fourteenth amendment

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "United States Bill of Rights", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, through a process known as incorporation.

On June 8, 1789 Representative James Madison introduced a series of thirty-nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as "supplemental" additions to it. On December 15, 1791, Articles Three–Twelve, having been ratified by the required number of states, became Amendments One–Ten of the Constitution.

On May 7, 1992, after an unprecedented period of 202 years, 225 days, Article Two crossed the Constitutional threshold for ratification and became the Twenty-seventh Amendment. As a result, Article One alone remains unratified and still pending before the states.

The Bill of Rights enumerates freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence, but was the basis for many Supreme Court decisions of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the first fourteen copies of the Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Question:

All of the following rights are specifically delineated under the Bill of Rights except:
- the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
- the right to a quick, public trial and an impartial jury
- freedom of speech
- the right to bear arms
A: the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "United States Bill of Rights", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, through a process known as incorporation.

On June 8, 1789 Representative James Madison introduced a series of thirty-nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as "supplemental" additions to it. On December 15, 1791, Articles Three–Twelve, having been ratified by the required number of states, became Amendments One–Ten of the Constitution.

On May 7, 1992, after an unprecedented period of 202 years, 225 days, Article Two crossed the Constitutional threshold for ratification and became the Twenty-seventh Amendment. As a result, Article One alone remains unratified and still pending before the states.

The Bill of Rights enumerates freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence, but was the basis for many Supreme Court decisions of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the first fourteen copies of the Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Question:

Which of the following is true about the Bill of Rights?
- It enumerates freedoms and rights not listed elsewhere in the Constitution.
- It is a document without the force of law.
- The federalists supported its ratification from the beginning.
- James Monroe helped draft the proposed amendments that eventually became the Bill of Rights.
A: It enumerates freedoms and rights not listed elsewhere in the Constitution.

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "United States Bill of Rights", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, through a process known as incorporation.

On June 8, 1789 Representative James Madison introduced a series of thirty-nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as "supplemental" additions to it. On December 15, 1791, Articles Three–Twelve, having been ratified by the required number of states, became Amendments One–Ten of the Constitution.

On May 7, 1992, after an unprecedented period of 202 years, 225 days, Article Two crossed the Constitutional threshold for ratification and became the Twenty-seventh Amendment. As a result, Article One alone remains unratified and still pending before the states.

The Bill of Rights enumerates freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence, but was the basis for many Supreme Court decisions of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the first fourteen copies of the Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Question:

How many amendments did Congress originally submit to the states for ratification?
- 12
- 10
- 11
- 39
A: 12

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "Plessy v. Ferguson", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. Louisiana Justice Edward Douglass White was one of the majority: he was a member of the New Orleans Pickwick Club and the Crescent City White League, the latter a paramilitary organization that had supported white supremacy with violence through the 1870s to suppress black voting and regain political power by white property owners.

"Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), which had brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience in order to challenge Louisiana's segregation law, stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."

Question:

What doctrine did the Plessy decision establish?
- separate but equal
- all deliberate speed
- racial segregation
- judicial review
A: separate but equal

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "Plessy v. Ferguson", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. Louisiana Justice Edward Douglass White was one of the majority: he was a member of the New Orleans Pickwick Club and the Crescent City White League, the latter a paramilitary organization that had supported white supremacy with violence through the 1870s to suppress black voting and regain political power by white property owners.

"Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), which had brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience in order to challenge Louisiana's segregation law, stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."

Question:

What overturned Plessy v. Fergusson?
- Brown v. Board of Education
- the New Orleans Committee of Citizens
- Justice Edward Douglass White
- Justice John Marshall Harlan
A: Brown v. Board of Education

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "Plessy v. Ferguson", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. Louisiana Justice Edward Douglass White was one of the majority: he was a member of the New Orleans Pickwick Club and the Crescent City White League, the latter a paramilitary organization that had supported white supremacy with violence through the 1870s to suppress black voting and regain political power by white property owners.

"Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), which had brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience in order to challenge Louisiana's segregation law, stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."

Question:

How many justices dissented from the Plessy decision?
- 1
- 7
- 9
- 4
A: 1

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "Plessy v. Ferguson", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. Louisiana Justice Edward Douglass White was one of the majority: he was a member of the New Orleans Pickwick Club and the Crescent City White League, the latter a paramilitary organization that had supported white supremacy with violence through the 1870s to suppress black voting and regain political power by white property owners.

"Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), which had brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience in order to challenge Louisiana's segregation law, stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."

Question:

What is the best definition of "paramilitary" in the context of the selection above?
- an unofficial organization that uses force to assert its will
- a covert branch of the United States military
- a group that protects people's rights
- a mobile tactical unit of the local police
A: an unofficial organization that uses force to assert its will

Q: Use the selection below to answer the question at the end.

This selection uses material from the Wikipedia article "Plessy v. Ferguson", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. Louisiana Justice Edward Douglass White was one of the majority: he was a member of the New Orleans Pickwick Club and the Crescent City White League, the latter a paramilitary organization that had supported white supremacy with violence through the 1870s to suppress black voting and regain political power by white property owners.

"Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), which had brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience in order to challenge Louisiana's segregation law, stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."

Question:

For about how many years was separate but equal the standard doctrine in US law?
- 60
- 175
- 120
- It still is the standard doctrine.
A: 60