Title: Ch. 4.1.1 Safety Quiz
Course: Lab Safety > Section: Day 3

Based on the section 4.1.1 Introduction to Toxicology from the book Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students by Hill and Finster, 2010 by John Wiley and Sons

Q: Toxicity refers to the capability of a substance to
- cause systemic harm to a living organism
- damage an organ in a living organism
- adversely modify a biochemical system
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: A toxin is a toxicant that
- is a single, pure chemical instead of a mixture
- is a naturally occurring toxic compound
- is a part of a chemical warfare agent
- is a low molecular weight molecule
A: is a naturally occurring toxic compound

Q: With regard to toxic dose, the threshold is the level at which
- permanent damage is done to an organism
- a person starts to feel pain or discomfort
- toxic effects begin to occur
- some antidote can have an effect
A: toxic effects begin to occur

Q: The process of metabolism explains why
- almost no chemicals have a toxic effect on humans
- many toxicants can accumulate in the body
- humans can ingest small amounts of toxic substances with little or no effect
- acute exposures to toxicants are usually less harmful than chronic exposures
A: humans can ingest small amounts of toxic substances with little or no effect

Q: When molecules are metabolized they
- usually become less toxic molecules
- Usually become more toxic molecules
- can become either more toxic or less toxic
- always become less toxic
A: can become either more toxic or less toxic

Q: An LD_50 represents the
- amount of a substance that kills 50% of a test population
- concentration of a substance that kills 50% of a test animal population
- amount of a substnace that is known to have killed at least 50 people due to accidental exposure
- concentration of a substance that is known to have killed at least 50 people due to accidental exposure
A: amount of a substance that kills 50% of a test population

Q: Poisons are compounds with an LD_50
- less than or equal to 50 mg
- less than or equal to 50 mg/kg
- greater than or equal to 50 mg
- greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg
A: less than or equal to 50 mg/kg

Q: What percentage of compounds can be classified as poisons?
- a small percentage
- about 25%
- about 50%
- almost 80%
A: a small percentage

Q: The toxicity values shown in Table 4.1.1.2 cover a range of how many orders of magnitude?
- 3
- 5
- 8
- 11
A: 11

Q: Which statement is true?
- In general, synthetic compounds are more toxic than naturally occurring compounds.
- In general, naturally occurring compound are more toxic than synthetic compounds.
- There is no relationship between the source of a compound and its toxicity.
- More complex molecules tend to be more toxic.
A: There is no relationship between the source of a compound and its toxicity.

Q: Table 4.1.1.3 shows data that allows one to conclude which of the following?

Select all that apply.
- The toxic dose is largely independent of route of exposure.
- Most compounds have remarkable similar toxic doses.
- LC_50 data is often reported with different time exposures.
- Oral LD_50 doses are generally lower than dermal (skin) LD_50 doses.
A: The toxic dose is largely independent of route of exposure.; Oral LD_50 doses are generally lower than dermal (skin) LD_50 doses.

Q: Table 4.1.1.4 shows which of the following?
- Most animal species react about the same to a particular dose (per kg) of toxicant.
- LD_50 values vary widely according to species.
- Generally the larger the animal the lower the LD_50.
- Generally the larger the animal the hight the LD_50.
A: LD_50 values vary widely according to species.

Q: To extrapolate animal testing to humans, it has been found that
- Using monkeys provides very similar toxicity results as those shown for humans.
- There is no single animal species that simulates human responses well, but testing several species generally leads to reasonably good estimates of human toxicity.
- In general, other animals are mostly more sensitive to toxicants than are humans.
- In general, other animals are mostly less sensitive to toxicants than are humans.
A: There is no single animal species that simulates human responses well, but testing several species generally leads to reasonably good estimates of human toxicity.

Q: Figure 4.1.1.3 shows that the toxic effect of a substance on an individual depends
- on about 10 factors
- almost entirely on factors that are beyond the control of the individual
- on factors that are remarkable consistent in a population of individuals
- mostly on two main factors
A: on about 10 factors

Q: Figure 4.1.1.1 show that
- the dose-response curve is linear enough to generally assume that an LD_50 is 10 times smaller than and LD_5
- most compounds have a threshold nearly equal to zero
- the dose-response curve is not linear over a wide range of doses
- generally, higher doses ironically lead to smaller responses
A: the dose-response curve is not linear over a wide range of doses

Q: Which is true?
- Synthetic compounds are more toxic than naturally occurring compounds.
- Synthetic compounds are less toxic than naturally occurring compounds.
- We can draw no general conclusion about the toxicity of a compound based on whether it is synthetic or naturally occurring.
- If a naturally occurring compound is prepared synthetically, it will not have the same toxic behavior.
A: We can draw no general conclusion about the toxicity of a compound based on whether it is synthetic or naturally occurring.