Title: Final Exam
Course: SAT 170 Introductory Biotechnology > Section: SAT 170 Introductory Biotechnology

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a genetically modified organism?
- an organism that has been cloned using embryonic cells
- organisms which have been given a gene from a different organism so that they may exhibit a characteristic that they would not otherwise possess
- an organism that has been cloned using adult cells
- a patented man-made organism
- an organism whose entire genome has been sequenced
A: organisms which have been given a gene from a different organism so that they may exhibit a characteristic that they would not otherwise possess

Q: Which of the following enzymes is capable of degrading nucleic acids?
- RNA polymerase
- DNA polymerase
- nuclease
- primase
- ligase
A: nuclease

Q: A particular DNA sample is composed of 20% cytosine. What percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?
- 20%
- 60%
- 30%
- 40%
- 80%
A: 30%

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the function of the golgi complex?
- rigid barrier which is located outside the cell membrane of certain cell types
- series of membrane bound structures which receive, modify, and package the products of the ER
- membrane bound structure which destroys harmful byproducts of metabolism
- series of membrane bound structures which manufacture products such as proteins and lipids for the cell
- site of protein synthesis
A: series of membrane bound structures which receive, modify, and package the products of the ER

Q: Which of the following is considered to be part of the process of making copies of DNA molecules using molecular cloning?
- a piece of DNA is isolated from one organism
- a piece of foreign DNA is inserted into another organism
- an organism makes copies of a foreign piece of DNA
- all of the above
- only the first and second options are true
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the field known as bioinformatics?
- a field of science which relies on living organisms or their products to create technological advances, for human purposes
- a science focused on cultivation of plants and animal farming; often uses large plots to grow single crops
- a science focused on cultivation of plants; often uses small plots which incorporate a large variety of plants
- a field which uses computer science to evaluate the sequence of a gene and the structure of the protein produced by the gene
- type of biotechnology which uses microorganisms to produce food or other industrial products
A: a field which uses computer science to evaluate the sequence of a gene and the structure of the protein produced by the gene

Q: Which of the following are true regarding retroviruses?
- it is a type of virus which carries out reverse transcription and was the original source of the reverse transcriptase enzyme
- it is a type of that can be used for delivering DNA into cells during gene therapy
- it is a type of genetically modified organism (GMO)
- all of the above
- only the first and second options are true
A: only the first and second options are true

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a function of proteins?
- catalyze chemical reactions
- transport materials across the cell membrane
- receive signals from outside the cell
- distinguish “self” from “foreign” cells
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: If the results of a Sanger Method DNA sequencing experiment were as follows, what would be the sequence of that DNA segment. (Assume ddATP is red, ddGTP is green, ddTTP is black and ddCTP is blue).

Fragment Length/Fragment Color

5 nucleotides/blue

4 nucleotide/red

3 nucleotides/black

2 nucleotides/green

1 nucleotide/green
- CCATG
- CATGG
- TACGG
- GGTAC
- not enough information to determine
A: GGTAC

Q: The specific sequence of nucleotides at which a restriction enzyme will cut is known as the _____.
- target sequence
- ligation site
- restriction site
- sequencing site
- primer sequence
A: restriction site

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a plasmid?
- a small, circular, double-stranded, extra-chromosomal piece of DNA commonly found in bacteria
- a polysaccharide (type of sugar/carbohydrate) that has been isolated from agar and is commonly used in gel electrophoresis of DNA samples
- a small linear chromosome that resembles a human chromosome
- a specific type of recombinant DNA
- none of the above
A: a small, circular, double-stranded, extra-chromosomal piece of DNA commonly found in bacteria

Q: Which of the following correctly describes complementary DNA (cDNA)?
- it is a fragment of DNA from one organism that is complementary to a sequence of DNA from a different, unrelated organism
- it is a fragment of DNA that is produced from DNA sequencing
- it is a fragment of DNA that is produced from the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- it is a fragment of DNA that has been separated from other fragments using gel electrophoresis
- it is a fragment of DNA that has been copied from a complementary mRNA molecule
A: it is a fragment of DNA that has been copied from a complementary mRNA molecule

Q: Which of the following correctly describes gene therapy?
- a technique which replaces a non-functional gene with a functional copy taken from a healthy individual
- a technique which replaces non-functional proteins with functional proteins manufactured from a healthy gene
- a technique which inserts a new gene into an organism which did not previously carry that gene
- a technique which compares the genetic composition of two individuals in order to determine the relatedness of those individuals
- none of the above
A: a technique which replaces a non-functional gene with a functional copy taken from a healthy individual

Q: Which of the following correctly defines the term pluripotent?
- the ability to differentiate into any cell type
- the ability to differentiate into many different cell types
- the ability to differentiate into a few different cell types
- the ability to differentiate into one cell type
- the ability to differentiate into two cell types
A: the ability to differentiate into many different cell types

Q: Which of the following is true regarding aseptic technique?
- it is a set of practices that are used in the laboratory setting to inhibit contamination of tissue cultures by microorganisms
- it is a set of practices that are used in the laboratory setting to inhibit contamination of your environment from the bacteria that you are trying to culture
- it involves the use heat and/or disinfectants to sterilize your tools and work space
- it involves minimizing exposure of media to the environment
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following occurs during the process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)?
- the nucleus is removed from an egg
- the nucleus is removed from a somatic cell
- the nucleus from a somatic cell is placed into an egg
- an egg which has received the nucleus of a somatic cell is placed into a surrogate for development
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly identifies a potential application of cell cultures?
- they can be used to create protein factories
- they can be used to develop tissues and organs for transplant
- they can be used to study the effect of certain compounds on cells
- they can be used to generate clones of plants with specific desired traits
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the process known as biomining?
- the use of living organisms, usually microorganisms to remove minerals from ore
- the use of living organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
- the examination of the variety of different life forms present in a particular geographical area
- the examination of a genome collected from an environmental sample
- the examination of microorganisms that live at different sites in and on your body
A: the use of living organisms, usually microorganisms to remove minerals from ore

Q: Which of the following is part of the Cell Theory?
- Cells are the smallest unit of life
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- all of the above
- only the first and second options are true
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a metabolome?
- the variety of different life forms present in a particular geographical area
- complete collection of metabolites in a biological sample
- a particular geographical area of the planet that has a specific type of biodiversity and climate
- a genome collected from an environmental sample
- the collection of microorganisms that live at different sites in and on your body
A: complete collection of metabolites in a biological sample

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the difference between ex situ and in situ bioremediation?
- in situ bioremediation requires that microorganisms remove pollutants from the surface of something while ex situ bioremediation uses microorganisms that remove pollutants from air
- in situ bioremediation relies of microorganisms while ex situ bioremediation relies on plants
- in situ bioremediation occurs relies on microorganisms that are already present at the site of contamination while ex situ bioremediation relies on bringing in foreign microorganisms to the site of
- in situ bioremediation occurs at the site of contamination while ex situ bioremediation relies on the contaminants being moved to another site for the removal of pollutants
- none of the above
A: none of the above

Q: Which of the following is true regarding nanoparticles?
- they are small (on the scale of 1-100 nanometers/nm) particles that can be made of a variety of materials from metals to plastics, and even organic materials
- they can be coated or filled with therapeutic drugs as a form of treatment
- they are easily inhaled and can enter the bloodstream of the respiratory tract to be quickly delivered to the cells of the body
- they can be designed to have markers on their surface which will allow them to bind to specific cell types
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a role for model organisms?
- they can be used in preclinical trials to determine the potential impacts of new therapeutic drugs
- they can be used as a source of nanoparticles
- they can be used as a source of restriction enzymes
- they can be used as a source of stem cells for stem cell therapy
- all of the above
A: they can be used in preclinical trials to determine the potential impacts of new therapeutic drugs

Q: Which of the following correctly identifies the advantage of continuous processing when compared to batch processing?
- there is less risk for contamination since the products are collected once the process is complete
- it can generate large amounts of product in the least amount of time since it works constantly with the product being harvested at certain points in the operation
- it is more reliable and consistent since it is set-up in a serial configuration
- batch processing must be closely monitored while continuous processing can function with little need for monitoring
- both the first and third option are true
A: it can generate large amounts of product in the least amount of time since it works constantly with the product being harvested at certain points in the operation

Q: Which of the following is true of bionics?
- it is a field which focuses on the modification of industrial processes for the production of goods
- it is a field which uses biological systems and processes as a template for the design and engineering of new technology
- it is a field which focuses on the identification of biomarkers or gene variants to detect diseases and disorders
- it is a field that relies on the manipulation (designing, building, using) of matter on the nanometer scale
- it is a field which allows for rapid and early detection of diseases
A: it is a field which uses biological systems and processes as a template for the design and engineering of new technology

Q: Which of the following is also known as “white biotechnology”?
- industrial biotechnology
- medical biotechnology
- agricultural biotechnology
- marine biotechnology
- environmental biotechnology
A: industrial biotechnology

Q: Which of the following correctly identifies the term known as feedstock?
- bulk raw materials or fuels that serve as the input for industrial processes
- substances that are captured from living cells and used as chemical reagents
- materials that interact with or comes in contact with living material
- polymers which are made by living organisms
- none of the above
A: bulk raw materials or fuels that serve as the input for industrial processes

Q: Which of the following correctly describes how greenhouse gases impact the Earth’s atmosphere?
- It is a gas which absorbs and traps radiation within the atmosphere
- It is a gas which reduces the oxygen available for living organisms like ourselves to breathe
- It is a gas that reduces the water available for organisms like ourselves to drink
- It is a gas which inhibits the natural flow of materials like nitrogen and phosphorous through the atmosphere
- It is a gas which increases the release of heat into space
A: It is a gas which absorbs and traps radiation within the atmosphere

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a biofilm?
- it is an apparatus that contains some type of media which serves as a place for the growth of microorganisms
- it is a complex aggregation of microorganisms that forms as the microorganisms stick to each other as well as to a surface
- it is a system that consists of a slightly sloped landscape lined with native vegetation and rubble to aids in the filtration of pollutants from surface runoff
- it is the use of biomass as feedstock
- it is the use of biomass as biofuels
A: it is a complex aggregation of microorganisms that forms as the microorganisms stick to each other as well as to a surface

Q: Which of the following is true regarding a double-blind trial?
- it is a clinical trial in which neither the patient nor the individual administering the patient are informed of whether they have been placed in an experimental or control group
- it is a preclinical trial in which the individual administering the drug is unaware of which of the test subjects are being exposed to the drug
- it is a clinical trial in which the individual administering the drug is unaware of which of the patients are being exposed to the drug but the patient is aware of whether or not they are receiving
- it is a clinical trial in which the individual administering the drug and the researcher are unaware of which of the patients are being exposed to the drug but the patient is aware of whether or no
- none of the above
A: it is a clinical trial in which neither the patient nor the individual administering the patient are informed of whether they have been placed in an experimental or control group

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a placebo?
- It is an estimate of how probable an event or outcome is to occur
- It is an evaluation of how probable an event or outcome is to occur as well as how strong of an effect such an event or outcome may have
- it is a safe but non-effective treatment that is administered in the same manner as the treatment to provide a control group for a clinical trial
- it is the permission that a patient gives in order to be administered a treatment after being informed of all of the possible beneficial and adverse outcomes of the treatment
- none of the above
A: it is a safe but non-effective treatment that is administered in the same manner as the treatment to provide a control group for a clinical trial

Q: Which of the following is true regarding a new drug application (NDA)?
- an application which evaluates the results of clinical trials to determine the potential benefits and risks to patients, and evaluate manufacturing procedures and labeling of a new drug before allow
- an application which evaluates the results of preclinical studies to determine the potential benefits and risks of a new drug to patients before allowing that drug to be used in clinical trials
- an application which warrants a biotechnology to isolate a new compound from a living organism for the intention of creating a new therapeutic drug
- an application which evaluates the results of the discovery phase to determine whether animal testing of a new drug compound should be allowed
- none of the above
A: an application which evaluates the results of clinical trials to determine the potential benefits and risks to patients, and evaluate manufacturing procedures and labeling of a new drug before allow

Q: What are some potential concerns associated with genetic testing?
- the potential conflicts with health insurance agencies altering an individual’s access to health insurance
- the potential conflicts with the hiring practices of employers
- the potential impacts of false negative or false positive tests on an individual’s well-being
- the potential impacts of testing for non-disease traits such as intelligence and athleticism
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following is true regarding therapeutic cloning?
- it aims to generate human embryos for the purpose of creating matched cells for transplant
- it aims to generate human embryos for the purpose of creating embryos as human research models
- is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg and sperm are collected and joined in a test tube before being implanted in a woman’s uterus for development
- all of the above
- only the first and second options are true
A: only the first and second options are true

Q: Which of the following is true regarding DNA fingerprinting?
- it takes advantage of the fact that different DNA samples collected from different individuals will have slightly different sequences
- it relies on gel electrophoresis
- it relies on gel electrophoresis
- it can use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: A karyotype is the shape, appearance and number of chromosomes in an individual’s cells.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: In order to solve a problem, scientists usually propose and test hypotheses.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The flow of information according to the central dogma of genetics is from RNA → DNA → Protein.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Phospholipids form the bilayer of the plasma membrane as the hydrophilic regions orient toward the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid, while the hydrophobic regions orient toward the center of the bilayer.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Cross-breeding plants that produce large fruit to produce offspring that also produce large fruit is an example of one of the first applications of biotechnology known as selective breeding.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: In an RNA molecule, guanine (G) is replaced by uracil (U).
- True
- False
A: False

Q: A scientific theory is an idea that has been proven to be true.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Mammalian cell cultures are ideal for upstream processing of proteins because they are easy to cultivate and grow in a short period of time.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: An organisms complete set of proteins is known as its genome.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: When creating recombinant DNA molecules, DNA polymerase is used to seal or “glue” together different DNA fragments.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for molecular cloning of DNA fragments.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Genetic engineering is a type of biotechnology which manipulates an organism’s genome.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: DNA microarrays are created by applying small amounts of single stranded DNA molecules to a small glass microscope slide.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Prokaryotes are unable to carry out many of the types of post-translational modifications (PTM’s) that occur in eukaryotes.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Cloning can be used to increase the numbers of individuals in an endangered species.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Antibiotic resistance is characterized by our bodies becoming immune to an antibiotic.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Biomining is advantageous over traditional biomining methods because it does not require the use of extreme heat and chemicals.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The variety of different life forms present in a particular geographical area is known as a biome.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Antisense RNA is a strand of RNA that is complementary to the mRNA which codes for a particular protein.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Biofuels are fuels which are produced from organic matter, such as that generated from the biomass of a living thing.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Embryonic stem cells can be used for the production of transgenic animals.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Retroviruses can be as vectors for gene therapy.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Single nucleotide variations that exist within different DNA samples are known as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs).
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Climate change is a change in the world’s climate which is observed as significant variations from expected weather conditions.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The majority of living organisms on the planet are found in aquatic habitats.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The term bioeconomy is used to describe the biomass supply chain.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Chemical products that are derived from petroleum are known as petrochemicals.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Knockout organisms are those which have gone through the process of de-differentiation.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: A bioswale is a system that consists of a slightly sloped landscape lined with native vegetation and rubble to aids in the filtration of pollutants from surface runoff.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The utilitarian approach focuses on decision making based on compliance with a rule or set of rules. -False
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Bioinformatics is a field which focuses on the storage and analysis of large amounts of data such as the data generated from sequencing experiments.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Bioproduction, the use of biomass for feedstock and biofuels are all examples of green manufacturing practices.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The sale of a company’s stock to the general public for the first time is known as the initial public offering or stock market launch. -False
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Serology is the study of toxins and poisons which includes identification of their presence in samples and the effects that they might have on living things. -False
- True
- False
A: False

Q: The P in the IPAT equation stands for prosperity.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: An organisms complete set of genes, encoded in their DNA is known as their ______.

Q: A DNA template with the sequence AACTG, will be copied into an mRNA with the sequence _____.

Q: ______ is a science focused on cultivation of plants which often uses small plots that incorporate a large variety of plants.

Q: The amino acids of a protein are held together by _____bonds.

Q: _____is often used as a measure of gene expression because it is the product of transcription, which is the first step of gene expression.

Q: _____ is a field of science dedicated to studying the types and functions of proteins in living things.

Q: An enzyme that is able to cut in the middle of a chain of nucleic acids is known as a(n)_____.

Q: The _____ of electrophoresis functions as a "molecular sieve," separating the molecules by size.

Q: ______ stem cells are those which can develop into a few different cell types.

Q: _______ stem cells have been reprogrammed to be able to differentiate into many different cell types.

Q: The collection of microorganisms that live at different sites in and on your body is known as your _____.

Q: ______ is a vessel or chamber that is used to grow living organisms or support biological processes.

Q: ______ is a therapeutic technique which provides individuals with normal, functional proteins to replace their own non-functional or missing proteins.

Q: _______ are materials from organisms that have been dead for millions of years.

Q: ______ is a term used to describe anything related to the sea or ocean.

Q: _____ are regions of land that serve as the transition between aquatic and terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems.

Q: _____ is a term used to describe ethics that applies to biological research, including biotechnological research.

Q: The permission that a patient gives in order to be administered a treatment after being informed of all of the possible beneficial and adverse outcomes of the treatment is known as _____.

Q: A biotechnology company model which is based on developing treatments for diseases which currently have unmet needs is known as the ______.

Q: A biotechnology company model which is based on developing the technologies involved in discovering and producing new compounds as well as storing and analyzing large amounts of sequencing data is known as the ______.

Q: In your opinion, what was the most interesting topic covered this semester? How do you think you might use the knowledge that you gained regarding this topic in the future?

Q: In your opinion, what was the most difficult topic covered this semester? What suggestions do you have to improve how I might teach this topic in the future?