Title: Exam 2
Course: SAT 170 Introductory Biotechnology > Section: SAT 170 Introductory Biotechnology

Q: Proteins are chains of _____. The disruption of a protein’s three-dimensional shape is called _____.
- amino acids; active site
- nucleic acids; denaturation
- amino acids; denaturation
- alpha helices; denaturation
- beta sheets; denaturation
A: amino acids; denaturation

Q: Which of the following is true regarding chromatography?
- it utilizes a mobile phase
- it utilizes a stationary phase
- it separates molecules based on size
- all of the above
- it is a type of that can be used for delivering DNA into cells during gene therapy
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a disadvantage of using fungal cell such as yeast as a host cell to express a human gene and create a functional human protein product?
- they are difficult to culture
- they lack certain organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex and thus are incapable of certain post-translational modifications of proteins
- they contain a cell wall which makes it difficult to isolate the protein product
- the grow slowly
- all of the above
A: they contain a cell wall which makes it difficult to isolate the protein product

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the effect of changes in temperature on protein structure?
- as temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to move faster which is necessary for proteins to fold into their proper three-dimensional shape
- as temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to slow down which is necessary for proteins to fold into their proper three-dimensional shape
- as temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to move faster which causes the chemical bonds that are responsible for holding proteins together to break leading to protein denaturation
- as temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to slow down which prevents the formation of the chemical bonds that are responsible for holding proteins together leading to protein denaturation
- temperature has no impact on protein structure
A: as temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to move faster which causes the chemical bonds that are responsible for holding proteins together to break leading to protein denaturation

Q: Which of the following correctly describes glycosylation?
- it is a type of post-translational modification where a lipid is attached to a protein
- it is a type of post-translational modification where a polypeptide is cleaved into smaller chains of amino acids
- it is a type of post-translational modification where more than one polypeptide are linked together to create a multi-subunit protein
- it is a type of post-translational modification where a fragment of DNA is added to a protein
- it is a type of post-translational modification where a carbohydrate is attached to a protein
A: it is a type of post-translational modification where a carbohydrate is attached to a protein

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a function of proteins?
- catalyze chemical reactions
- transport materials across the cell membrane
- receive signals from outside the cell
- distinguish “self” from “foreign” cells
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following is true regarding carrier proteins?
- they are embedded within the membrane
- they are involved in membrane transport
- go through a change in shape as they allow a material to pass from one side of the membrane to the other
- all of the above
- it is a type of that can be used for delivering DNA into cells during gene therapy
A: all of the above

Q: What is the role of the di-deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP) molecules during the chain termination methods of DNA sequencing?
- they are used to make primers which are necessary for the sequencing reaction
- they are modified nucleotides that prevent the addition of additional nucleotides during the sequencing reaction because they have a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group at the 3’ end of the deoxyr
- they are used to trigger annealing between a primer and a complementary DNA sequence during the sequencing reaction
- they are used to cut DNA at specific sequences to create the fragments necessary for the sequencing reaction
- none of the above
A: they are modified nucleotides that prevent the addition of additional nucleotides during the sequencing reaction because they have a hydrogen rather than a hydroxyl group at the 3’ end of the deoxyr

Q: If the results of a Sanger Method DNA sequencing experiment were as follows, what would be the sequence of that DNA segment. (Assume ddATP is red, ddGTP is green, ddTTP is black and ddCTP is blue).

Fragment Length/Fragment Color

5 nucleotides/blue

4 nucleotide/red

3 nucleotides/black

2 nucleotides/green

1 nucleotide/green
- CCATG
- CATGG
- TACGG
- GGTAC
- not enough information to determine
A: GGTAC

Q: Which of the following is true regarding Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques?
- they create DNA sequences in a shorter period of time
- they create DNA sequences at a lower cost
- they run multiple reactions in parallel
- all of the above
- they create DNA sequences in a shorter period of time and they run multiple reactions in parallel only
A: all of the above

Q: The specific sequence of nucleotides at which a restriction enzyme will cut is known as the _____.
- target sequence
- ligation site
- restriction site
- sequencing site
- primer sequence
A: restriction site

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a plasmid?
- a small, circular, double-stranded, extra-chromosomal piece of DNA commonly found in bacteria
- a polysaccharide (type of sugar/carbohydrate) that has been isolated from agar and is commonly used in gel electrophoresis of DNA samples
- a small linear chromosome that resembles a human chromosome
- a specific type of recombinant DNA
- none of the above
A: a small, circular, double-stranded, extra-chromosomal piece of DNA commonly found in bacteria

Q: Which of the following is true regarding “sticky ends”?
- they result from cuts in a DNA molecule where the enzyme was able to cut through both strands of the DNA molecule
- they result from cuts in a DNA molecule that leave single stranded regions on either end of the cut DNA
- they are the charged regions of a DNA molecule that are attracted to an electrode during gel electrophoresis
- they are specific sequences of nucleotides within a DNA molecule that serve as binding sites for ligase
- they are specific sequences of nucleotides within a DNA molecule that serve as binding sites for nucleases
A: they result from cuts in a DNA molecule that leave single stranded regions on either end of the cut DNA

Q: Which of the following is considered to be an application of DNA sequencing?
- compare the evolutionary relationships between different species
- identify certain genes that could be linked to certain types of diseases
- identify certain genes that could lead to a predisposition to certain types of cancer
- improve our understanding of heredity
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly describes complementary DNA (cDNA)?
- it is a fragment of DNA from one organism that is complementary to a sequence of DNA from a different, unrelated organism
- it is a fragment of DNA that is produced from DNA sequencing
- it is a fragment of DNA that is produced from the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- it is a fragment of DNA that has been separated from other fragments using gel electrophoresis
- it is a fragment of DNA that has been copied from a complementary mRNA molecule
A: it is a fragment of DNA that has been copied from a complementary mRNA molecule

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the concept known as substantial equivalence?
- a genetically modified organism has the same or very similar characteristics of another genetically modified organism
- a genetically modified organism has substantial differences when compared to an unmodified version of that organism
- a new product that has the same or very similar characteristics as an existing product or does not raise any health concerns beyond that of the existing product
- a genetically modified food or food product has the equivalent nutritional value compared to an unmodified version of that food or food product
- none of the above
A: a new product that has the same or very similar characteristics as an existing product or does not raise any health concerns beyond that of the existing product

Q: Which of the following correctly describes gene therapy?
- a technique which replaces a non-functional gene with a functional copy taken from a healthy individual
- a technique which replaces non-functional proteins with functional proteins manufactured from a healthy gene
- a technique which inserts a new gene into an organism which did not previously carry that gene
- a technique which compares the genetic composition of two individuals in order to determine the relatedness of those individuals
- none of the above
A: a technique which replaces a non-functional gene with a functional copy taken from a healthy individual

Q: Which of the following places the basic steps of protein therapy in the correct order?
- isolate a gene from a healthy individual, insert gene into individual with disease
- isolate a gene from a healthy individual, insert gene into an organism which will express that gene, collect the protein product, insert protein product into individual with disease
- isolate a gene from one organism, insert that gene into a vector, insert vector into an organism which did not previously carry that gene
- use enzymes to cut DNA at STR’s, insert digested DNA into electrophoresis gel, stain gel and observe and compare DNA fragments
- use heat to pull apart DNA strands, use enzymes and nucleotides to replicate DNA strands
A: isolate a gene from a healthy individual, insert gene into an organism which will express that gene, collect the protein product, insert protein product into individual with disease

Q: Which of the following are true regarding retroviruses?
- it is a type of virus which carries out reverse transcription and was the original source of the reverse transcriptase enzyme
- it is a type of that can be used for delivering DNA into cells during gene therapy
- it is a type of genetically modified organism (GMO)
- all of the above
- it is a type of virus which carries out reverse transcription and was the original source of the reverse transcriptase enzyme and it is a type of that can be used for delivering DNA into cells durin
A: it is a type of virus which carries out reverse transcription and was the original source of the reverse transcriptase enzyme and it is a type of that can be used for delivering DNA into cells durin

Q: Which of the following is true regarding yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)?
- they are able to carry large amounts of DNA (up to 300 kb)
- they can only be incorporated for replication and expression in bacterial host cells
- they were originally isolated from yeast
- they are single stranded
- they can only be used in genomic libraries
A: they were originally isolated from yeast

Q: Prokaryotes are unable to carry out many of the types of post-translational modifications (PTM’s) that occur in eukaryotes.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Proteins are only functional if they have achieved the highest level of protein structure known as quaternary structure.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: The location within an enzyme to which a substrate will bind is known as the enzymes active site.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Mammalian cell cultures are ideal for upstream processing of proteins because they are easy to cultivate and grow in a short period of time.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: An organisms complete set of proteins is known as its genome.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: A channel protein functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: When creating recombinant DNA molecules, DNA polymerase is used to seal or “glue” together different DNA fragments.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: A thermophile is a type of organism which thrives at high temperatures.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Both filtration and gel electrophoresis are techniques used to separate molecules based on size.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Restriction enzymes are examples of exonucleases.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for molecular cloning of DNA fragments.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Taq Polymerase is a specific type of DNA polymerase that is commonly used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Agarose gel electrophoresis is used for the separation of DNA molecules, while sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS Page) is used for the separation of protein molecules.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Taq polymerase is the enzyme that is used to create complementary DNA molecules from mRNA molecules.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Genetic engineering is a type of biotechnology which manipulates an organism’s genome.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Genomic DNA libraries are those which contain an organisms DNA, while cDNA libraries contain only the DNA that is expressed in a particular organism.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Germ-line gene therapy is used to ensure that the genetic disease would not be passed on.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Both Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and the Northern Blot are used to detect specific fragments of DNA.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to detect genetically modified organisms (GMO’s).
- True
- False
A: True

Q: DNA microarrays are created by applying small amounts of single stranded DNA molecules to a small glass microscope slide.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: An enzyme that is able to cut in the middle of a chain of nucleic acids is known as a(n) _____.

Q: _____ is the process of allowing two complementary fragments of DNA to attach to one another.

Q: The _____ of electrophoresis functions as a "molecular sieve," separating the molecules by size.

Q: A _____ is a cloning vector which is capable of carrying up to 10 megabases of nucleotide bases and can be replicated and/or expressed in human cells.

Q: _____ is often used as a measure of gene expression because it is the product of transcription, which is the first step of gene expression.

Q: _____are proteins which have a carbohydrate attached and are important for cell recognition.

Q: A chain of amino acids that has been coiled and folded in alpha helices and beta pleated sheets represents ______ protein structure.

Q: _____ processing refers to the isolation and purification of protein products from their host cells, while _____ processing refers to the expression of a particular protein product.

Q: _____are body cells, while _____are used for reproduction.

Q: _____ is a field of science dedicated to studying the types and functions of proteins in living things.

Q: What is the role of an electrical current during gel electrophoresis? What is the purpose of using sodium-dodecyl sulfate for the electrophoresis of proteins during sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)?

Q: What are the necessary components for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? Explain the role of each of these components.

Q: What is the function of a cloning vector? List and describe three features that make a good cloning vector.