Title: Exam 4
Course: SAT 170 Introductory Biotechnology > Section: SAT 170 Introductory Biotechnology

Q: Which of the following is true regarding nanoparticles?
- they are small (on the scale of 1-100 nanometers/nm) particles that can be made of a variety of materials from metals to plastics, and even organic materials
- they can be coated or filled with therapeutic drugs as a form of treatment
- they are easily inhaled and can enter the bloodstream of the respiratory tract to be quickly delivered to the cells of the body
- they can be designed to have markers on their surface which will allow them to bind to specific cell types
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly describes an antigen?
- blood serum which contains antibodies
- a substance produced by immune cells to protect our bodies from foreign organisms
- a substance which can elicit an immune response and the production of antibodies
- antibodies that are able to attack one antigen very specifically
- they can be used for protein therapy
A: a substance which can elicit an immune response and the production of antibodies

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a haplotype?
- a measurable characteristic that is used as an indicator of a biological process
- a measurable differences in the number and type of restriction sites within different DNA samples
- a single nucleotide variation that exists within different DNA samples
- a similar structure found in different species; often refers to an organ, structure or even a gene
- a group or cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a particular chromosome
A: a group or cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a particular chromosome

Q: Which of the following correctly describes amniocentesis?
- it is a form of prenatal testing which is used to detect genetic defects in utero
- it is used to evaluate how the genetic make-up of an individual can influence that individuals response to drug therapy
- the manipulation (designing, building, using) of matter on the nanometer scale
- it is the use of biopharmaceutics for protein therapy
- it is a form of immunotherapy
A: it is a form of prenatal testing which is used to detect genetic defects in utero

Q: Which of the following is true regarding allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) analysis?
- it is used to amplify or copy segments of specific segments of DNA using primers that can anneal to that target DNA
- it is used to detect the presence of specific segments of DNA using fluorescently labeled antibodies
- it is used to identify the presence of specific segments of DNA using a synthetic piece of DNA that can be used as a probe to bind that target DNA
- it is used to evaluate the shape, appearance and number of chromosomes in an individual’s cells
- none of the above
A: it is used to identify the presence of specific segments of DNA using a synthetic piece of DNA that can be used as a probe to bind that target DNA

Q: Which of the following correctly describes a homologue?
- • a familial match from a DNA fingerprint analysis
- • an exact match from a DNA fingerprint analysis
- • a similar structure found in different species; often refers to an organ, structure or even a gene
- • an organism which has had one or more of its genes inactivated
- • none of the above
A: • a similar structure found in different species; often refers to an organ, structure or even a gene

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a role for model organisms?
- they can be used in preclinical trials to determine the potential impacts of new therapeutic drugs
- they can be used as a source of nanoparticles
- they can be used as a source of restriction enzymes
- they can be used as a source of stem cells for stem cell therapy
- all of the above
A: they can be used in preclinical trials to determine the potential impacts of new therapeutic drugs

Q: Which of the following is true regarding polystyrene?
- it is a biopolymer which is considered to be easily biodegradable
- it is also known as polylactic acid or PLA
- it is a plant based plastic
- all of the above
- none of the above
A: none of the above

Q: Which of the following correctly identifies the advantage of continuous processing when compared to batch processing?
- there is less risk for contamination since the products are collected once the process is complete
- it can generate large amounts of product in the least amount of time since it works constantly with the product being harvested at certain points in the operation
- it is more reliable and consistent since it is set-up in a serial configuration
- batch processing must be closely monitored while continuous processing can function with little need for monitoring
- both the first and third option are true
A: it can generate large amounts of product in the least amount of time since it works constantly with the product being harvested at certain points in the operation

Q: Which of the following is true of bionics?
- it is a field which focuses on the modification of industrial processes for the production of goods
- it is a field which uses biological systems and processes as a template for the design and engineering of new technology
- it is a field which focuses on the identification of biomarkers or gene variants to detect diseases and disorders
- it is a field that relies on the manipulation (designing, building, using) of matter on the nanometer scale
- it is a field which allows for rapid and early detection of diseases
A: it is a field which uses biological systems and processes as a template for the design and engineering of new technology

Q: Which of the following is also known as “white biotechnology”?
- industrial biotechnology
- medical biotechnology
- agricultural biotechnology
- marine biotechnology
- environmental biotechnology
A: industrial biotechnology

Q: Which of the following correctly describes how greenhouse gases impact the Earth’s atmosphere?
- It is a gas which absorbs and traps radiation within the atmosphere
- It is a gas which reduces the oxygen available for living organisms like ourselves to breathe
- It is a gas that reduces the water available for organisms like ourselves to drink
- It is a gas which inhibits the natural flow of materials like nitrogen and phosphorous through the atmosphere
- It is a gas which increases the release of heat into space
A: It is a gas which absorbs and traps radiation within the atmosphere

Q: Which of the following correctly identifies the term known as feedstock?
- bulk raw materials or fuels that serve as the input for industrial processes
- substances that are captured from living cells and used as chemical reagents
- materials that interact with or comes in contact with living material
- polymers which are made by living organisms
- none of the above
A: bulk raw materials or fuels that serve as the input for industrial processes

Q: Which of the following is true regarding hydrogels?
- They are natural or synthetic polymers which are very absorbent
- They are biodegradable which means that they can be broken down by natural means in a relatively short period of time
- They are enzymes that are isolated from living organisms which will be used as chemical agents
- They are devices which represent a convergence of biological materials and electronic devices
- None of the above
A: They are natural or synthetic polymers which are very absorbent

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the compound known as cytarbine?
- It is a compound found in fish of the Arctic and Antarctic to prevent the formation of ice crystals in their body tissues
- It is a chemotherapy agent derived from sponges for the treatment of cancer
- It is a compound that can function as an anti-fouling agent
- It is a type of bioreagent that has been isolated from marine organisms
- It is a compound which has the capability of being wet setting and can thus be used as a template for the production of underwater adhesives
A: It is a chemotherapy agent derived from sponges for the treatment of cancer

Q: Which of the following is true regarding Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?
- they are pollutants from fossil fuels
- they are marine derived products that are used for the production of cosmetics
- they are marine derived products that are used as pharmaceutical compounds
- they are marine derived products that are used for underwater adhesives
- they are isolated from algae to be used as food thickeners and gelling agents
A: they are pollutants from fossil fuels

Q: Which of the following correctly describes an estuary?
- they are a unique habitat which results from the interactions of saltwater habitats and freshwater habitats
- they have brackish water
- they are regions of land that serve as the transition between aquatic and terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems
- all of the above
- only the first and second options are true
A: only the first and second options are true

Q: Which of the following correctly describes the process known as biofouling?
- organisms that are immobile or fixed in one place
- it is the contamination of fisheries with aquatic pathogens
- it is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and/or animals to a wet surface
- it is the extraction of products from aquatic organisms
- none of the above
A: it is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae and/or animals to a wet surface

Q: Which of the following correctly identifies a fishery?
- it is the farming of aquatic organisms
- it is a group of individuals, boats, and tools focused on raising and/or harvesting fish
- it is water containing small amounts of dissolved salts
- it is water which has a higher salinity than freshwater and lower salinity when compared to saltwater
- it is water containing significant amounts of dissolved salts
A: it is a group of individuals, boats, and tools focused on raising and/or harvesting fish

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a wetland?
- Bog
- Swamp
- Marsh
- Fen
- all of the above
A: all of the above

Q: A hybridoma is a cancerous plasma cell.
- True
- f
A: f

Q: Retroviruses can be as vectors for gene therapy.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Knockout organisms are those which have gone through the process of de-differentiation.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Single nucleotide variations that exist within different DNA samples are known as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs).
- True
- False
A: False

Q: The use of vaccines is an example of immunotherapy.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: In vivo gene therapy introduces a healthy gene directly into the cells of a patient, while ex vivo gene therapy uses a retrovirus to carry the gene into the cells of a patient.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of cells, tissues or organs from one species to another species.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Chemical products that are derived from petroleum are known as petrochemicals.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Biosensors are natural or synthetic polymers which are very absorbent and highly biocompatible because they behave similar to biological material.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Products can be marketed as biodegradable even when they contain non-biodegradable material.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Climate change is a change in the world’s climate which is observed as significant variations from expected weather conditions.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Pathway engineering can be employed to create genetically modified organisms which possess all of the genes necessary to generate the enzymes needed for a particular industrial process.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Genetically modified organisms can be used to identify an enzyme of interest.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: The term bioeconomy is used to describe the biomass supply chain.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: Algae serve as the primary source for marine collagen.
- True
- False
A: False

Q: The majority of living organisms on the planet are found in aquatic habitats.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Underwater adhesives include the need to be wet-setting as well as being able to remove surface water for strong adhesion.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Antifreeze glycoprotein (AGFP) isolated from fish in the arctic and Antarctic can be used to modify crop plants allowing them to become cold tolerant.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Saltwater habitats have high levels of salinity.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Currently, nearly half of all of our coastal waters are unfit for swimming due to bacteria and pollutants.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: A(n) _____ is the shape, appearance and number of chromosomes in an individual’s cells.

Q: _____ is a field which evaluates how the genetic make-up of an individual can influence that individual’s response to drug therapy.

Q: _____ is a therapeutic technique which provides individuals with normal, functional proteins to replace their own non-functional or missing proteins.

Q: The manipulation (designing, building, using) of matter on the nanometer scale is known as _____.

Q: A facility which processes biomass into valuable products is known as a _____ .

Q: ______are materials from organisms that have been dead for millions of years.

Q: The methods used to convert biomass to biofuel include thermal, chemical or _____ conversion.

Q: _____ is a term used to describe anything related to the sea or ocean.

Q: _____ is a class of proteins which are found in a variety of connective tissues in the bodies of animals.

Q: _____ are regions of land that serve as the transition between aquatic and terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems.

Q: What is regenerative medicine? Explain the role of biotechnology in regenerative medicine.

Q: What is an energy crop? What are some potential problems associated with the use of energy crops for the production of biofuel? What are some of the advantages associated with the use of energy crops for the production of biofuel?

Q: What are marine derived products? What are some of the potential application for marine-derived products? List and describe at least 5 applications.