Title: Introduction to Critical Infrastructure Final Exam
Course: Critical Infrastructure: An Overview > Section: Course Content

Please read the questions and all possible answers carefully. Provide the best possible answer.

Q: A gravity dam is curved in an arch towards the water flow, and is often made of concrete.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great! This more closely describes an arch dam.
If wrong: The correct answer is "false". This description more closely describes an arch dam.

Q: A gravity dam is low maintenance with high performance. They are typically made of solid concrete.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct.
If wrong: No, this is true. Gravity dams are low maintenance, high performance dams that are made of solid concrete.

Q: A malicious hacker trying to gain access to the control systems in a water treatment plant would be an example of a natural disaster.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great! That would be an example of a cyber security threat.
If wrong: The correct answer is "false". This would be an example of a cyber security threat.

Q: A major long-term electrical outage could in no way impact the banking industry.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great! You know that the banking industry relies on electricity, as do many other critical infrastructure sectors, and would be adversely affected by a long-term outage.
If wrong: This is false. The banking industry relies on electricity, as do many other critical infrastructure sectors, and would be adversely affected by a long-term outage.

Q: A lack of funding is a barrier to the upkeep and repairs needed to the U.S. critical infrastructure.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: That is correct. Funding is a barrier to the critical infrastructure repair, refurbishment, and maintenance that are really needed.
If wrong: Incorrect. Funding is a barrier to the critical infrastructure repair, refurbishment, and maintenance that are really needed.

Q: 20% of the energy supplied through the United States power grid comes from nuclear energy.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct!
If wrong: Incorrect. It is true that 20% of the power supplied through the U.S. power grid comes from nuclear energy.

Q: A geothermal heat pump system takes advantage of ___________________________________________.
- the fact that temperatures remain fairly constant underground
- moving water can be used to create electricity
- biological matter can be used to create energy
- water can be used from oceans, rivers, or streams
A: the fact that temperatures remain fairly constant underground
If right: Very good! You knew that underground temperatures remain fairly constant and are generally cooler than the outside temperature in the summer and warmer than the outside temperature during winter.
If wrong: No, that is not correct. Underground temperatures remain fairly constant and are generally cooler than the outside temperature in the summer and warmer than the outside temperature during winter.

Q: Alternative energy generally is a term used to describe energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, it is true that alternative energy generally is a term used to describe energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels.

Q: Aging infrastructure is not a problem in the United States.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Very good! Aging infrastructure is actually a growing problem in the United States.
If wrong: No, this is not correct. Aging infrastructure is a growing problem in the United States.

Q: A nation wide smart grid system would make it easier to utilize more renewable energy sources (like wind and solar).
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct. This is true, the smart grid would help enable renewable energy to be added to our nation's power grid.
If wrong: This in not correct. The smart grid would help enable renewable energy to be added to our nation's power grid.

Q: Attacks or contaminations to the Food and Agriculture Sector could only cause some financial hardship.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great, this is false. Attacks and contamination could cause public health consequences and possibly animal and plant health issues too.
If wrong: Incorrect. The correct answer is "false". Attacks and contamination could cause public health consequences and possibly animal and plant health issues too.

Q: Banks are the only institutions included in the Financial Services Sector.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Correct.
If wrong: Incorrect. There are many types of institutions in the Financial Services Sector.

Q: Because the chemical sector only deals with the manufacture, storage, and transportation of chemicals it is not necessary for this sector to update their cyber security practices.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: That is correct! Many of these aspects require the use of technology including networked computers and machinery; the chemical sector must absolutely keep their cyber security up-to-date.
If wrong: The answer is "false". Many of these aspects require the use of technology including networked computers and machinery; the chemical sector must absolutely keep their cyber security up-to-date.

Q: Better and increased methods of information sharing are of little to no concern in the HPH sector.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Good.
If wrong: No, the correct answer is false. One of the things the HPH sector strives to do is to shore more information in more ways. Information could be critical in an emergency situation.

Q: Before building a dam the chosen location's environment must be studied and a ____________ is usually hired to perform an analysis of the site to see if it is capable of safely supporting a dam.
- geologist
- meteorologist
- archaeologist
- sociologist
A: geologist
If right: Correct. A geologist studies the Earth's history through its structure, in particular they study rocks and minerals.
If wrong: That is incorrect. A geologist studies the Earth's history through its structure, in particular they study rocks and minerals.

Q: Casinos would not be considered a commercial facility.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Good. That is correct.
If wrong: That is not correct. Casinos are considered commercial facilities.

Q: Both green energy and renewable energy would fit the definition of alternative energy.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: This is true.

Q: Communications in the commercial facilities sector is important. Employees should be encouraged to communicate amongst themselves.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great! This is true, employees who communicate well with one another will be more likely to quickly and efficiently communicate that something may be wrong if they see something that does not look right.
If wrong: The correct answer is "true". Employees who communicate well with one another will be more likely to quickly and efficiently communicate that something may be wrong if they see something that does not look right.

Q: Comsat is short for communications satellite.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: Incorrect, comsat is short for communications satellite.

Q: Communications satellites are typically made up of:
- all of these.
- communication payload
- engines
- power subsystem
- command and control subsystem
A: all of these.
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, the correct answer is "all of these".

Q: Critical Infrastructure is important only because its loss could cause a loss of life.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Correct. You know that critical infrastructure is important for many reasons, including: life, quality of life, environment, the economy, public health and safety.
If wrong: Incorrect. Critical infrastructure is important for many reasons, including: life, quality of life, environment, the economy, public health and safety.

Q: Critical infrastructure is the systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital that the incapacity or destruction of such may have debilitating impact on the security, economy, public health or safety, environment, or any combination of those matters accross any Federal, State, regional, territorial, or local jurisdiction.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct!
If wrong: Incorrect, critical infrastructure is, the systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital that the incapacity or destruction of such may have debilitating impact on the security, economy, public health or safety, environment, or any combination of those matters, across any Federal, State, regional, territorial, or local jurisdiction.

Q: Critical manufacturing is nor just important financially, it also meets critical needs.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good!
If wrong: This is true.

Q: Cyber security has no effect on the average person's daily life.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great! Information technology has become a part of most people's daily life. Keeping our identity, banking information, and passwords secure are all things that greater cyber security measures will go a long way to do.
If wrong: That is false. Information technology has become a part of most people's daily life. Keeping our identity, banking information, and passwords secure are all things that greater cyber security measures will go a long way to do.

Q: Dams often have benefits beyond the purpose of containing and managing water.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Good! This is true, many dams provide recreational facilities.
If wrong: Incorrect. This is true, many dams provide recreational facilities.

Q: Defense Industrial Base sector is important because:
- it provides essential products and services that keep our military operating.
- ports, bridges, roadways, and highways are crucial to the United States' economy.
- dams can control water and allow water to be used for irrigation or power production.
- without the DIB sector our country would be vulnerable.
- both A and D.
A: both A and D.
If right: Very good!
If wrong: The correct answer is E - both A and D. The DIB sector provides essential products and services that keep our military operating and without the DIB sector our country would be vulnerable.

Q: EO 13636 is an executive order dedicated to improving the Internet.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Good! EO 13636 is an Executive Order dedicated to improving critical infrastructure cyber security.
If wrong: Incorrect. EO 13636 is an Exective Order dedicated to improving critcal infrastructure cyber security.

Q: Earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods are examples of potential bioterrorist acts.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Very good, this list would be more appropriately called a list of potential natural disasters.
If wrong: Incorrect, this list would be more appropriately called a list of potential natural disasters.

Q: Electrical manufacturing is:
- manufacturing that includes the production of generators, transformers, and other materials used in electrical power generation.
- responsible for making engines, turbines, industrial controls, and more.
- production of automobiles, trucks, heavy equipment, and airplanes.
- responsible for turning raw materials into readily usable materials like sheet metal, pipe, and I-beams.
A: manufacturing that includes the production of generators, transformers, and other materials used in electrical power generation.
If right: Great! That is correct.
If wrong: No, that is not correct. The correct answer is: "manufacturing that includes the production of generators, transformers, and other materials used in electrical power generation".

Q: Employees should be trained in how (to whom) to report a threat, as well as how to recognize them.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good!
If wrong: No, this is true, employees should be trained in how to report a threat as well as how to recognize one.

Q: Government buildings that do not hold materials of a sensative nature are not protected under the Government Facilites Sector.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, this is not correct. These are also included in the sector.

Q: Green energy would include burning fossil fuels to create electricity.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, this is false. Green energy must not have a negative impact on our environment. Burning fossil fuels creates higher levels of carbon dioxide in the environment.

Q: Examples of assets considered a part of the Government Facilities Sector would be:
- courthouses, embassies, national laboratories, office buildings, military installations
- zoos, parks, amusement parks, fairs
A: courthouses, embassies, national laboratories, office buildings, military installations
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, that is not correct. The correct answer is: "Courthouses, Embassies, National Laboratories, Office Buildings, and Military Installations".

Q: If you drew a map of cell phone provider towers and the coverage range they provided, the shape of the covered area would closely resemble a circle.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Correct! The shape of the coverage area would most closely resemble a hexagon.
If wrong: No, this is false. The shape of the coverage area would most closely resemble a hexagon.

Q: In EO 13636 what group was tasked with creating a cybersecurity framelwork?
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
- Office of Cybersecurity and Communications (CS&C)
A: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
If right: That is correct, NIST is the group that was tasked with designing the cybersecurity framework.
If wrong: No, NIST is the group that was tasked with designing the cybersecurity framework.

Q: Installing a firewall, installing anti-virus software, and installing anti-spyware software are recommended and serve as a good way to help defend against malware.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good!
If wrong: These things may be the best way to avoid issues caused by malware. Install these: firewall, anti-virus software, and anti-spyware software.

Q: It is important to think of our infrastructure in its environment. A particular infrastructure system has an impact on our natural environment, socioeconmic environment, and other infrastructure systems.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct. This is very true, and is one of the reasons green infrastructure and clean energy concerns have come to the forefront lately.
If wrong: No, that is incorrect. The correct answer is "true". In fact, it is very true - this is one of the reasons green infrastructure and clean energy concerns have come to the forefront of infrastructure topics lately.

Q: It is not a good idea to practive evacuating a facility.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: That is correct. It is a good idea to practice.
If wrong: This is false. It is a good idea to practice evacuating a facility.

Q: Keeping the manufacturing industry in the US diverse and robust in no way helps our country financially.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Correct! This helps to keep the country financially resilient.
If wrong: Incorrect. When we diversify our manufacturing, providing a variety of goods for ourselves as well as for export it makes us more financially resilient.

Q: Malware is malicious software. It can damage or disrupt your computer's operation or do other things. It could possibly collect sesitive information.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good. That is correct.
If wrong: Malware is short for malicious software. It is software that disrupts or damages a computer’s operation, gathers sensitive or private information, or gains access to private computer systems; may include botnets, viruses, worms, Trojans, keyloggers, spyware, adware, and rootkits.

Q: Methods for treating wastewater include:
- chemical
- biological
- physical
- none of these
- all of these
A: all of these
If right: Yes, that is correct.
If wrong: No, that is not correct. The correct answer is "all of these".

Q: Much of the copper wire that was once in the wired (landline) telphone system in the United States has been replaced.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct! This is true, although not all the copper wire has been replaced.
If wrong: This is incorrect. The answer is true. Much of the copper wire, but not all, has been replaced.

Q: Nuclear energy does not produce the harmful by-product carbon dioxide.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: That is correct.
If wrong: No, nuclear energy production does not cause the by-product carbon dioxide.

Q: Nuclear means of or relating to producing or using energy created when the nuclei of atoms are split apart or joined together.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct.
If wrong: No, that is actually true.

Q: One of the goal's of the HPH sector is to mitigate risks to its cyber assets, because they could result in disruption to or denial of health services.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct.
If wrong: Incorrect. The correct answer is "true". Cyber attackers could cause a disruption to or denial of health services.

Q: One of the threats to communications infrastructure is RF interference.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Good! This is true, RF interference, or radio frequency interference, could interfere with communications of police, fire, and other emergency services.
If wrong: Incorrect. This is true. RF interference, or radio frequency interference, could interfere with communications of police, fire, and other emergency services.

Q: Pandemic influenza would be an example of a pandemic threat.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, this is true. Pandemic influenza is an example of a pandemic threat.

Q: Sanitation laws are not covered under the Food and Agriculture Sector.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Good!
If wrong: Incorrect. Sanitation laws are covered under the Food and Agriculture Sector.

Q: Privacy (protection of data about the consumer) and securing the smart grid are the two main concerns that most people have about smart grid implementation.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct.
If wrong: This is true, these are the two main concerns.

Q: Someone maliciously hacking in to control systems and trying to take control of, or even stop, the water supply to a big city would be an example of a possible cyber security threat.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: That is correct.
If wrong: Incorrect, the correct answer is "true". This would be an example of a cyber security threat.

Q: The Department of Homeland Security has determined which of these to be critical infrastructure?
- nuclear reactors
- nuclear waste
- nuclear materials
- all of these
A: all of these
If right: Correct.
If wrong: Incorrect. The Department of Homeland Security has determined nuclear reactors, materials, and waste to be one of the 16 sectors of critical infrastructure.

Q: The Department of Homeland Security does not play a part in cyber security.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great, DHS educates the public on safe online practices, issues alerts, and investigates and arrests cyber criminals.
If wrong: No, this is not true. DHS educates the public on safe online practices, issues alerts, and investigates and arrests cyber criminals.

Q: The Food and Agriculture Sector depends on the Water and Wastewater Systems Sector because water is needed to irrigate crops.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: The Food and Agriculture Sector does depend on the Water and Wastewater Systems Sector because water is needed to irrigate crops.

Q: The Food and Agriculture Sector works to:
- all of these
- deter threats to the sector
- minimize the consequences from large-scale incidents
- reduce vulnerability of the food supply
A: all of these
If right: Very good! They work to do all of these.
If wrong: All of these are what the Food and Agriculture Sector work to do.

Q: The Government Facilities Sector contains only buildings.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Very good!
If wrong: No, this is not correct. The correct answer is "false". Buildings are a big part of the Government Facilities Sector, but other assets are a part of it too.

Q: The National Monuments and Icons Subsector protects assets, systems, and networks that are considered:
- part of our national heritage
- listed on the List of National Historic Landmarks
- listed on the National Trgister of Historic Places
- all of these
- none of these
A: all of these
If right: That is correct, very good.
If wrong: No, the correct answer is "all of these".

Q: The ____________ sector is dependent on the chemical sector because of their need for chemicals to make medicines.
- healthcare
- transportation
- communication
- Information Technology
A: healthcare
If right: That is correct, the healthcare sector depends on the chemical sector to provide ingredients for medicines.
If wrong: The correct answer is "healthcare". The healthcare sector depends on the chemical sector to provide essential ingredients for medicines.

Q: The chemical sector is considered critical infrastructure because it produces chemicals that are essential to our way of life; this includes chemicals for growing our food supply.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good!
If wrong: This is true.

Q: The critical infrastructure sector of Information Technology is very challenging to keep secure because the ___________ is a part of it.
- Internet
- computer
- cyber criminal
A: Internet
If right: Correct. Having the Internet included makes Information Technology one of the most challenging sectors to protect.
If wrong: Incorrect. Having the Internet included makes Information Technology one of the most challenging sectors to protect.

Q: The employees who perform essential tasks, who hold tactical, operational, or strategic knowledge are considered to be part of the Government Facilities Sector.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good!
If wrong: The employees who perform essential tasks, who hold tactical, operational, or strategic knowledge are considered to be part of the Government Facilities Sector.

Q: The most valuable resource in the Emergency Services sector are the first responders.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good!
If wrong: Incorrect. The first responders are the most valuable resource in the Emergency Services Sector.

Q: The only threat the chemical sector faces is that of terrorism.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Good, this is false. Other threats include accidents, cyber threats, and natural disasters.
If wrong: This is not true. Other threats to the chemical sector include accidents, cyber threats, and natural disasters.

Q: The three main goals of the Financial Services Sector are:
- 1. To achieve the best possible position against many threats.
2. To address and manage risks caused by being dependent on: Information Technology, Energy, and Transportation Systems Sectors.
3. To work together (co-operation) with private sector, law enforcement, and regulatory agencies to address threats.
- 1. To identify all threats to the Financial Services Sector.
2. To mitigate all threats.
3. To prevent future new threats.
- 1. To protect the Financial Services Sector from physical threats.
2. To protect the Financial Services Sector from natural disaster.
3. To work together (co-operation) with private sector, law enforcement, and regulatory agencies to address threats.
- 1. To achieve the best possible position against many threats.
2. To protect the Financial Services Sector from natural disaster.
3. To look to the future and predict future threats.
A: 1. To achieve the best possible position against many threats.
2. To address and manage risks caused by being dependent on: Information Technology, Energy, and Transportation Systems Sectors.
3. To work together (co-operation) with private sector, law enforcement, and regulatory agencies to address threats.
If right: Great!
If wrong: No, that is not correct. The three main goals of the Financial Services Sector are: 1. To achieve the best possible position against many threats. 2. To address and manage risks caused by being dependent on: Information Technology, Energy, and Transportation Systems Sectors. 3. To work together (co-operation) with private sector, law enforcement, and regulatory agencies to address threats.

Q: The types of communications infrastructure discussed in the scope of this course include: wireline, wireless, satellite, broadcasting, and _______________.
- cable
- transportation
- smart grid
- Department of Homeland Security
A: cable
If right: Correct!
If wrong: Incorrect. Cable is the only form of infrastructure listed here that will correclty complete the sentence.

Q: Thermal energy that is stored in the Earth is _________________ energy.
- geothermal
- hydropower
- hydrokinetic
- all of these
A: geothermal
If right: Good! Geothermal energy is, thermal energy that is stored in the Earth.
If wrong: No, that is not correct. Geothermal energy is, thermal energy that is stored in the Earth.

Q: You could say that three of the main things (in the ESS system) that are always focused on are: preparedness, response, and recovery.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good! This is true.
If wrong: Three of the main things focused on in the Emergency Services Sector are preparedness, response, and recovery.

Q: Without critical manufacturing in  the United States, it is possible that there would be some needs for items that we would be unable to meet by importing them.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Yes, that is true.
If wrong: It is possible that without critical manufacturing in the United States, some items we need would not be available or possible to import; this is true.

Q: Which sectors did this course mention are dependent on the Financial Services Sector.
- all sectors
- the Government Facilities and Commercial Facilities Sectors
- the Critical Manufacturing Sector
- no sectors depend on the Financial Services Sector
A: all sectors
If right: Very good, that is correct!
If wrong: Incorrect. All sectors are dependent on the Financial Services Sector.

Q: The current power grid in place in the US has no storage capabilites, meaning that those collecting solar or wind energy cannot readily sell it and provide it directly to the power grid.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct.
If wrong: This is true. One of the benfits to implementing a nation-wide smart grid system will be adding storage capacity in which energy can be stored.

Q: Without the services offered by th Financial Services Sector, Americans would likely not be able to pay one another with checks, deposit money in insured institutions, or invest money in the ways they can now.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: This is incorrect. It is true that without the services offered by th Financial Services Sector, Americans would likely not be able to pay one another with checks, deposit money in insured institutions, or invest money in the ways they can now.

Q: There are nine sub-systems that make up the Defense Industry Sector and the DoD calls them Industry Segments.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Good!
If wrong: There are nine sub-systems that make up the Defense Industry Sector and the DoD calls them Industry Segments; this is true.

Q: The procurement of raw materials is not a part of the chemical infrastructure sector.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Great! This is false, the procurement of raw materials is part of the activities associated with the manufacture, distribution, and use of chemicals.
If wrong: The correct answer is "false". The procurement of raw materials is part of the activities associated with the manufacture, distribution, and use of chemicals.

Q: The nuclear sector is interdependent with what other sectors?
- Chemical
- Information Technology
- Energy
- All except Information Technology
A: All except Information Technology
If right: Great! That is correct.
If wrong: Incorrect. Information Technology is the only sector listed here that is not direclty interdependent with nuclear.

Q: The main use of nuclear material (material that is not involved in power production or weapons) is in the field of medicine.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct!
If wrong: No, this is not correct. The main use of nuclear material (that material that is not involved in power production or weapons) is in the field of medicine.

Q: The financial sector has a long history of being prone to the threat of natural disaster.
- True
- False
A: False
If right: Very good.
If wrong: No, this is not true. The long history of the financial sector being prone to a threat, is that of insiders (human).

Q: The definition of food that the 2002 Bioterrorism Act provided includes pet and farm animal food as well as dietary supplements.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good, this is true.
If wrong: The definition of food that the 2002 Bioterrorism Act provided does include pet and farm animal food as well as dietary supplements; this is true.

Q: The dams sector includes dams, __________________________________________.
- hydroelectric plants
- levees
- dikes
- coal fired power plants
- all of these except D
A: all of these except D
If right: Great! That is correct.
If wrong: The correct answer is "E" - "all of these except coal fired power plants"

Q: The Hoover Dam is an example of an arch-gravity dam.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Correct!
If wrong: This is true. The Hoover Dam is an arch-gravity dam.

Q: The HPH sector is critical because a breakdown in the sector could cause loss of human life and economic hardship.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Very good! True is the correct answer.
If wrong: The Healthcare and Public Health Sector is critical because a breakdown in the sector could cause loss of human life and economic hardship.

Q: The Government Facilities Sector is dependant on:
- all of these
- the Transportation Sector
- the Energy Sector
- the Healthcare and Public Health Sector
A: all of these
If right: Yes, that is correct.
If wrong: This in incorrect. The correct answer is: "all of these".

Q: The Department of Homeland Security combined 22 different federal departments into one large umbrella organization in 2002. Their major purpose is to protect the homeland.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Good! This is true.
If wrong: Incorrect. This is true. (The DHS combined 22 different federal departments and agencies into one. Keeping the critical infrastructure in the United States safe and secure is a major purpose of Department of Homeland Security whose primary mission is to protect our homeland.)

Q: Smart appliances can be connected to smart meters and can help you use energy during off-peak hours (when prices can be lower).
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Good.
If wrong: This is true. Using smart appliances in conjunction with a smart meter could help you to use energy more wisely and save money.

Q: Smart meters are digital meters that record electrical usage in real time and enable communication with the smart grid.
- True
- False
A: True
If right: Great!
If wrong: This is true. Smart meters are digital meters that record electrical usage in real time (intervals of an hour or less) and enable communications with the smart grid.

Q: Software or hardware that is recommended to protect your computer hardware, data, and identity include:
- All of these.
- a firewall
- anti-spyware software
- ant-virus software
A: All of these.
If right: Correct!
If wrong: No. The correct answer would be: "all of these". Using a firewall, anti-viruse software, and anti-spyware software in combination are recommended.